A Worldwide Theoretical Comparison of Outdoor Potential for Various Silicon-Based Tandem Module Architecture

Abstract

Si-based multi-junction (tandem) technology is a promising way to achieve the next breakthrough for terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) conversion. Significant progress is made in tandem solar cells. To move forward, development of tandem module technology is essential. Here we theoretically compare five possible tandem module architectures with multiple material combinations by modeling their outdoor performance ratios around the globe. This framework helps to evaluate future module designs and technology pathways by relating lab-based efficiency to field performance and even project financing. We find that tandem performance ratios depend notably on climate conditions. In general, three-terminal and mechanically voltage-matched modules show exceptionally good outdoor performance. Furthermore, we investigate the implications of technical performance on manufacturing cost globally and find that tandems are promising in high-value markets in arid climates, where three to five times increase of the current Si module manufacturing cost is allowed under an optimistic scenario.