Fundamental investigations on the sodium-ion transport properties of mixed polyanion solid-state battery electrolytes

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Lithium and sodium (Na) mixed polyanion solid electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries display some of the highest ionic conductivities reported to date. However, the effect of polyanion mixing on the ion-transport properties is still not fully understood. Here, we focus on Na<jats:sub>1+x</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Si<jats:sub>x</jats:sub>P<jats:sub>3−x</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>12</jats:sub> (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) NASICON electrolyte to elucidate the role of polyanion mixing on the Na-ion transport properties. Although NASICON is a widely investigated system, transport properties derived from experiments or theory vary by orders of magnitude. We use more than 2000 distinct ab initio-based kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to map the compositional space of NASICON over various time ranges, spatial resolutions and temperatures. Via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements on samples with different sodium content, we find that the highest ionic conductivity (i.e., about 0.165 S cm<jats:sup>–1</jats:sup> at 473 K) is experimentally achieved in Na<jats:sub>3.4</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Si<jats:sub>2.4</jats:sub>P<jats:sub>0.6</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>12</jats:sub>, in line with simulations (i.e., about 0.170 S cm<jats:sup>–1</jats:sup> at 473 K). The theoretical studies indicate that doped NASICON compounds (especially those with a silicon content x ≥ 2.4) can improve the Na-ion mobility compared to undoped NASICON compositions.</jats:p>