Micromanaging autophagy with microRNAs to drive cancer metastasis

Abstract

While we made great strides in the early detection of a handful of cancers, many other cancers are still detected at fairly later stages, thus hindering the deployment of effective surgical or therapeutic intervention to change their dismal clinical outcomes. The arduous journey of cancer cells from the primary tumor to colonize distant secondary organs or tissues begins with their ability to activate or deactivate various cellular processes at will, including the autophagy machinery. In this review, we discuss how circulatory cancer cells from primary tumors could selectively mobilize different subsets of microRNAs (miRNAs) to enable autophagic recycling of nutrients during their search for secondary sites to colonize and to disable such cell survival programs once they have successfully established at distant organs or tissues. We also discuss how this new miRNA-autophagy-metastasis axis can be targeted by the emerging RNA Medicine toolkit.