Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00152-1
Title: Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990-2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019
Authors: Jahagirdar, Deepa
Walters, Magdalene K
Novotney, Amanda
Brewer, Edmond D
Frank, Tahvi D
Carter, Austin
Biehl, Molly H
Abbastabar, Hedayat
Abhilash, ES
Abu-Gharbieh, Eman
Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal
Adekanmbi, Victor
Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo
Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
Afzal, Saira
Aghababaei, Soodabeh
Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
Ahmad, Sajjad
Ahmadi, Keivan
Ahmadi, Sepideh
Ahmadpour, Ehsan
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
Rashid, Tarik Ahmed
Salih, Yusra Ahmed
Aklilu, Addis
Akram, Tayyaba
Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet
Al Hamad, Hanadi
Alahdab, Fares
Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour
Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A
Alene, Kefyalew Addis
Ali, Liaqat
Alipour, Vahid
Almustanyir, Sami
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena
Amu, Hubert
Andrei, Catalina Liliana
Andrei, Tudorel
Anvari, Davood
Arabloo, Jalal
Aremu, Olatunde
Arulappan, Judie
Atnafu, Desta Debalkie
Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala
Ayza, Muluken Altaye
Azari, Samad
Darshan, BB
Banach, Maciej
Barnighausen, Till Winfried
Barra, Fabio
Barrow, Amadou
Basu, Sanjay
Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad
Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana
Berheto, Tezera Moshago
Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint
Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
Bhardwaj, Nikha
Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Bhattacharyya, Krittika
Bibi, Sadia
Bijani, Ali
Bisignano, Catherine
Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi
Boloor, Archith
Boltaev, Azizbek A
Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich
Buonsenso, Danilo
Burkart, Katrin
Butt, Zahid A
Cao, Chao
Charan, Jaykaran
Chatterjee, Souranshu
Chattu, Soosanna Kumary
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan
Dinh-Toi, Chu
Couto, Rosa AS
Cowden, Richard G
Dachew, Berihun Assefa
Dadras, Omid
Dagnew, Amare Belachew
Dahlawi, Saad MA
Dai, Xiaochen
Dandona, Lalit
Dandona, Rakhi
das Neves, Jose
Degenhardt, Louisa
Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen
Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu
Deuba, Keshab
Dhamnetiya, Deepak
Dhungana, Govinda Prasad
Dianatinasab, Mostafa
Diaz, Daniel
Djalalinia, Shirin
Linh, Phuong Doan
Dorostkar, Fariba
Edinur, Hisham Atan
Effiong, Andem
Eftekharzadeh, Sahar
Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed
Elayedath, Rajesh
Elhadi, Muhammed
El-Jaafary, Shaimaa
El-Khatib, Ziad
Elsharkawy, Aisha
Endalamaw, Aklilu
Endries, Aman Yesuf
Eskandarieh, Sharareh
Ezeonwumelu, Ifeanyi Jude
Ezzikouri, Sayeh
Farahmand, Mohammad
Faraon, Emerito Jose A
Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara
Ferrero, Simone
Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro
Filip, Irina
Fischer, Florian
Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
Foroutan, Masoud
Fukumoto, Takeshi
Gad, Mohamed M
Gadanya, Muktar A
Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji
Garg, Tushar
Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye
Gebreyohannes, Eyob Alemayehu
Gesesew, Hailay Abrha
Obsa, Abera Getachew
Ghadiri, Keyghobad
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Gilani, Syed Amir
Ginindza, Themba G
Glavan, Ionela-Roxana
Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna
Golechha, Mahaveer
Gugnani, Harish Chander
Gupta, Bhawna
Gupta, Sapna
Gupta, Veer Bala
Gupta, Vivek Kumar
Hamidi, Samer
Handanagic, Senad
Haque, Shafiul
Harapan, Harapan
Hargono, Arief
Hasaballah, Ahmed
Hashi, Abdiwahab
Hassan, Shoaib
Hassanipour, Soheil
Hayat, Khezar
Heredia-Pi, Ileana
Hezam, Kamal
Holla, Ramesh
Hoogar, Praveen
Hoque, Mohammad Enamul
Hosseini, Mostafa
Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Hsairi, Mohamed
Hussain, Rabia
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel
Idrisov, Bulat
Ikuta, Kevin S
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
Ilic, Irena M
Ilic, Milena D
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi
Islam, M Mofizul
Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah
Itumalla, Ramaiah
Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi
Jabbarinejad, Roxana
Jain, Vardhmaan
Jayawardena, Ranil
Jha, Ravi Prakash
Joseph, Nitin
Kabir, Ali
Kabir, Zubair
Kalhor, Rohollah
Kaliyadan, Feroze
Kamath, Ashwin
Kanchan, Tanuj
Kandel, Himal
Kassahun, Getinet
Katoto, Patrick Dmc
Kayode, Gbenga A
Kebede, Ermiyas Mulu
Kebede, Hafte Kahsay
Khajuria, Himanshu
Khalid, Nauman
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad
Khan, Gulfaraz
Khatab, Khaled
Kim, Min Seo
Kim, Yun Jin
Kisa, Adnan
Kisa, Sezer
Kochhar, Sonali
Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich
Koul, Parvaiz A
Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane
Koyanagi, Ai
Krishan, Kewal
Defo, Barthelemy Kuate
Kumar, G Anil
Kumar, Manasi
Kumar, Nithin
Kwarteng, Alexander
Lal, Dharmesh Kumar
Landires, Ivan
Lasrado, Savita
Lassi, Zohra S
Lazarus, Jeffrey
Lee, Jane Jean-Hee
Lee, Yeong Yeh
LeGrand, Kate E
Lin, Christine
Liu, Xuefeng
Maddison, Emilie R
Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy
Mahasha, Phetole Walter
Majeed, Azeem
Makki, Alaa
Malik, Ahmad Azam
Manamo, Wondimu Ayele
Mansournia, Mohammad Ali
Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio
Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra
Memish, Ziad A
Menezes, Ritesh G
Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku
Merie, Hayimro Edemealem
Mersha, Amanual Getnet
Mestrovic, Tomislav
Meylakhs, Peter
Mheidly, Nour
Miller, Ted R
Mirica, Andreea
Moazen, Babak
Mohammad, Yousef
Mohammadi, Mokhtar
Mohammed, Arif
Mohammed, Salahuddin
Mohammed, Shafiu
Moitra, Modhurima
Mokdad, Ali H
Molokhia, Mariam
Moni, Mohammad Ali
Moradi, Ghobad
Moradi, Yousef
Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine
Mubarik, Sumaira
Munro, Sandra B
Mwanri, Lillian
Nachega, Jean B
Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman
Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod
Naveed, Muhammad
Nayak, Biswa Prakash
Nduaguba, Sabina O
Kandel, Sandhya Neupane
Nguefack-Tsague, Georges
Trang, Huyen Nguyen
Nixon, Molly R
Nnaji, Chukwudi A
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Nunez-Samudio, Virginia
Nyirenda, Thomas Elliot
Oghenetega, Onome Bright
Olagunju, Andrew T
Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun
Owopetu, Oluwatomi Funbi
Mahesh, PA
Padubidri, Jagadish Rao
Pakhale, Smita
Parekh, Tarang
Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh
Pawar, Shrikant
Filipino Pepito, Veincent Christian
Peprah, Emmanuel K
Pinheiro, Marina
Pokhrel, Khem Narayan
Polibin, Roman
Pollok, Richard Charles G
Postma, Maarten J
Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi
Radfar, Amir
Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal
Rahim, Fakher
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Rahimzadeh, Shadi
Rahman, Mosiur
Rahmani, Amir Masoud
Ram, Pradhum
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
Ranasinghe, Priyanga
Rao, Chythra R
Rao, Sowmya J
Rathi, Priya
Rawaf, David Laith
Rawaf, Salman
Regassa, Lemma Demissie
Rehman, Inayat Ur
Renzaho, Andre MN
Rezaei, Nima
Rezahosseini, Omid
Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh
Rezapour, Aziz
Ripon, Rezaul Karim
Rodrigues, Voilet
Roshchin, Denis O
Rwegerera, Godfrey M
Saeed, Umar
Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi
Sagar, Rajesh
Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM
Salem, Marwa Rashad
Samaei, Mehrnoosh
Samy, Abdallah M
Santric-Milicevic, Milena M
Saroshe, Satish
Sathian, Brijesh
Satpathy, Maheswar
Sawhney, Monika
Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth
Seylani, Allen
Shaikh, Masood Ali
Shaka, Mohammed Feyisso
Shamshad, Hina
Shamsizadeh, Morteza
Shannawaz, Mohammed
Shetty, Adithi
Il Shin, Jae
Shivakumar, KM
Singh, Jasvinder A
Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich
Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
Somayaji, Ranjani
Soshnikov, Sergey
Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth
Stein, Dan J
Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale
Tadbiri, Hooman
Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun
Tadesse, Eyayou Girma
Tamiru, Animut Tagele
Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang
Taveira, Nuno
Tekalegn, Yohannes
Tesfay, Fisaha Haile
Tessema, Gizachew Assefa
Thapar, Rekha
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
Traini, Eugenio
Bach, Xuan Tran
Tsai, Alexander C
Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno
Ullah, Saif
Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David
Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran
Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan
Villafane, Jorge Hugo
Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch
Bay, Vo
Vongpradith, Avina
Giang, Thu Vu
Waheed, Yasir
Wamai, Richard G
Wang, Guan
Wang, Yanzhong
Ward, Paul
Westerman, Ronny
Winkler, Andrea Sylvia
Yadav, Lalit
Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh
Yazie, Taklo Simeneh
Yi, Siyan 
Yigit, Vahit
Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Yu, Chuanhua
Yunusa, Ismaeel
Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich
Zastrozhina, Anasthasia
Zhang, Zhi-Jiang
Zumla, Alimuddin
Salomon, Joshua A
Eaton, Jeffrey W
Naghavi, Mohsen
Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura
Wang, Haidong
Lim, Stephen S
Hay, Simon
Murray, Christopher JL
Kyu, Hmwe H
Keywords: Science & Technology
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Immunology
Infectious Diseases
AIDS
CARE
PROGRESS
SUCCESS
IMPACT
RISK
EAST
Issue Date: Oct-2021
Publisher: ELSEVIER INC
Citation: Jahagirdar, Deepa, Walters, Magdalene K, Novotney, Amanda, Brewer, Edmond D, Frank, Tahvi D, Carter, Austin, Biehl, Molly H, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abhilash, ES, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Saira, Aghababaei, Soodabeh, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Rashid, Tarik Ahmed, Salih, Yusra Ahmed, Aklilu, Addis, Akram, Tayyaba, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Liaqat, Alipour, Vahid, Almustanyir, Sami, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amu, Hubert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Anvari, Davood, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Arulappan, Judie, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayza, Muluken Altaye, Azari, Samad, Darshan, BB, Banach, Maciej, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barra, Fabio, Barrow, Amadou, Basu, Sanjay, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana, Berheto, Tezera Moshago, Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Bisignano, Catherine, Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi, Boloor, Archith, Boltaev, Azizbek A, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Buonsenso, Danilo, Burkart, Katrin, Butt, Zahid A, Cao, Chao, Charan, Jaykaran, Chatterjee, Souranshu, Chattu, Soosanna Kumary, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Dinh-Toi, Chu, Couto, Rosa AS, Cowden, Richard G, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadras, Omid, Dagnew, Amare Belachew, Dahlawi, Saad MA, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Degenhardt, Louisa, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Deuba, Keshab, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Linh, Phuong Doan, Dorostkar, Fariba, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Effiong, Andem, Eftekharzadeh, Sahar, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Elayedath, Rajesh, Elhadi, Muhammed, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa, El-Khatib, Ziad, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Endalamaw, Aklilu, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Ezeonwumelu, Ifeanyi Jude, Ezzikouri, Sayeh, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara, Ferrero, Simone, Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Foroutan, Masoud, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gad, Mohamed M, Gadanya, Muktar A, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Garg, Tushar, Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye, Gebreyohannes, Eyob Alemayehu, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Obsa, Abera Getachew, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gilani, Syed Amir, Ginindza, Themba G, Glavan, Ionela-Roxana, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Hamidi, Samer, Handanagic, Senad, Haque, Shafiul, Harapan, Harapan, Hargono, Arief, Hasaballah, Ahmed, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hayat, Khezar, Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Hezam, Kamal, Holla, Ramesh, Hoogar, Praveen, Hoque, Mohammad Enamul, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hussain, Rabia, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Idrisov, Bulat, Ikuta, Kevin S, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, M Mofizul, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Joseph, Nitin, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kaliyadan, Feroze, Kamath, Ashwin, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Kassahun, Getinet, Katoto, Patrick Dmc, Kayode, Gbenga A, Kebede, Ermiyas Mulu, Kebede, Hafte Kahsay, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalid, Nauman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khatab, Khaled, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kochhar, Sonali, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koul, Parvaiz A, Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Nithin, Kwarteng, Alexander, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Landires, Ivan, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S, Lazarus, Jeffrey, Lee, Jane Jean-Hee, Lee, Yeong Yeh, LeGrand, Kate E, Lin, Christine, Liu, Xuefeng, Maddison, Emilie R, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Memish, Ziad A, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Merie, Hayimro Edemealem, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Meylakhs, Peter, Mheidly, Nour, Miller, Ted R, Mirica, Andreea, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammed, Arif, Mohammed, Salahuddin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moitra, Modhurima, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Yousef, Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine, Mubarik, Sumaira, Munro, Sandra B, Mwanri, Lillian, Nachega, Jean B, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nduaguba, Sabina O, Kandel, Sandhya Neupane, Nguefack-Tsague, Georges, Trang, Huyen Nguyen, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Nyirenda, Thomas Elliot, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Owopetu, Oluwatomi Funbi, Mahesh, PA, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakhale, Smita, Parekh, Tarang, Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh, Pawar, Shrikant, Filipino Pepito, Veincent Christian, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pinheiro, Marina, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Polibin, Roman, Pollok, Richard Charles G, Postma, Maarten J, Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi, Radfar, Amir, Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahimzadeh, Shadi, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Ram, Pradhum, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rao, Sowmya J, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Regassa, Lemma Demissie, Rehman, Inayat Ur, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Nima, Rezahosseini, Omid, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Rodrigues, Voilet, Roshchin, Denis O, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Saeed, Umar, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Sagar, Rajesh, Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM, Salem, Marwa Rashad, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Saroshe, Satish, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Seylani, Allen, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaka, Mohammed Feyisso, Shamshad, Hina, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shetty, Adithi, Il Shin, Jae, Shivakumar, KM, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Somayaji, Ranjani, Soshnikov, Sergey, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stein, Dan J, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Tadbiri, Hooman, Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, Taveira, Nuno, Tekalegn, Yohannes, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapar, Rekha, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Bach, Xuan Tran, Tsai, Alexander C, Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno, Ullah, Saif, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan, Villafane, Jorge Hugo, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Bay, Vo, Vongpradith, Avina, Giang, Thu Vu, Waheed, Yasir, Wamai, Richard G, Wang, Guan, Wang, Yanzhong, Ward, Paul, Westerman, Ronny, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Yadav, Lalit, Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh, Yazie, Taklo Simeneh, Yi, Siyan, Yigit, Vahit, Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zumla, Alimuddin, Salomon, Joshua A, Eaton, Jeffrey W, Naghavi, Mohsen, Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura, Wang, Haidong, Lim, Stephen S, Hay, Simon, Murray, Christopher JL, Kyu, Hmwe H (2021-10). Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990-2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019. LANCET HIV 8 (10) : E633-E651. ScholarBank@NUS Repository. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00152-1
Abstract: Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH.
Source Title: LANCET HIV
URI: https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/239565
ISSN: 2352-3018
2352-3018
DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00152-1
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