A second-order focusing electrostatic toroidal electron spectrometer with 2π radian collection

Abstract

This paper presents a toroidal electron energy spectrometer designed to capture electrons in the full 2π azimuthal angular direction while at the same time having second-order focusing optics. Simulation results based upon direct ray tracing predict that the relative energy resolution of the spectrometer will be 0.146% and 0.0188% at input angular spreads of ±6° and ±3°, respectively, comparable to the theoretically best resolution of the cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA), and an order of magnitude better than existing toroidal spectrometers. Also predicted for the spectrometer is a parallel energy acquisition mode of operation, where the energy bandwidth is expected to be >±10% (20% total) of the pass energy. The spectrometer is designed to allow for retardation of the pass energy without the need to incorporate auxiliary lenses. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.