LEGAL ASPECTS OF ROBOTIC AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Abstract

The rapid pace of technological advancement has catered for the expanded adoption of Robotic Autonomous Systems ('RAS') within the construction sector in Singapore. The incorporation of RAS has significantly reduced the reliance on physical labour and human resources, resulting in a substantial decrease in labour costs. Additionally, it has led to an enhanced on-site efficiency for construction activities such as the transportation of building materials. To foster the seamless integration and innovation of RAI systems, the Building Innovation Panel ('BIP') instituted by the Building and Construction Authority ('BCA') in 2011 incorporated the area of robotics and automation in 2019. Consequently, the BIP would support robotics and automation vendors in the development of their products and offered help from the initial testing phases to full-scale implementation. However, RAS are autonomous in nature and may experience malfunctions that pose potential risks to individuals and property. Consequently, there is a pressing need for more stringent statutory regulations to underpin the increased adoption of RAS in the built environment. This will ensure that the benefits derived from these systems are maximised while keeping any associated risks to a minimum. Thus, this research aims to provide recommendations to complement existing statutory laws in Singapore with regards to the use of RAS for the built environment. The research methodology encompasses a literature review, assessing the suitability of legal frameworks and case law from other countries and their relevance to Singapore. Additionally, surveys and interviews were conducted with manufacturers and users of RAS, as well as legal professionals specialising in technology, media and telecommunications ('TMT') law. These interviews and surveys are instrumental in acquiring valuable insights from all stakeholders involved in RAS, encompassing perspectives from both the practical and legal viewpoints. By understanding how other countries regulate the use of RAS and tapping into the knowledge and experiences of the various stakeholders, this research aims to empower users of RAS with a deeper understanding of the legal responsibilities associated with their use. Furthermore, this research acknowledges further areas in need of improvement and puts forth recommendations for future research endeavours. The author has endeavoured to state the law as of 1 March 2024.