ELECTRIC BUS OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES: MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION

Abstract

This thesis aims to address real-world problems in the EB system faced by PT operators and governments. The objective is to facilitate EB operations and management, reduce costs, and improve service quality. Two strategic-level problems include an optimal bus replacement plan to replace ICEBs with EBs and determining charging facilities for EB operation. At the tactical level, the research focuses on determining the economical solutions for the EB charging scheduling problem (EBCSP) during peak hours and developing a holistic approach to tackle the EBCSP on a bus network with multiple depots, terminals, and routes. These problems aim to minimize operator and environmental costs while improving service quality.