ENERGY ESTIMATION AND STANDARDS FOR LARGE COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS (HOTELS)

Abstract

This report presents the findings of the survey and analysis of the energy performance of 3 hotel buildings in Singapore. A computer code, OOE-2. i A is used to simulate the energy performance of these hotels. From the databases generated, a set of single parameter equations relating the annual total (Et) and cooling (Ec) energy with the dominant building parameters is formulated for each hotel. As a measure of sensitivity of each parameter, coefficients of elasticity for the Et and Ec are determined. In addition, it is found that Marina Mandarin, The Oriental and Pan-Pacific have an air-conditioning index of 103.81 kWh/m2/year, 143.92 kWh/m2/year and 179.18 kWh/m2/year respectively. Energy conservation opportunities have been evaluated for all hotels by means of computer simulation. The simulated conservation measures in these hotels demonstrate the following potential savings in the annual total energy consumption: • Energy conservation in lighting provides savings both directly in lighting energy and indirectly in cooling load reductions; this leads to savings potential of 0.32% to 1.45% for cutting lighting power intensity from 13.0 to 10.0 W/m2. • For air-conditioning systems the savings reach 1.72% to 15.92% by raising the zone design cool temperature from 22.2 to 24.4 °C. This is a no-investment-cost measure. • Efficient chillers with COP of 5.5 give savings potential in the 1.34% to 1.69% range. • Reducing outside air quantities in hotels from 7 to 6 cfm per person saves 0.15% to 0.30% of annual total energy.