Military technology transfers from Ming China and the emergence of Northern Mainland Southeast Asia (c. 1390-1527)

Abstract

During the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, Chinese gunpowder technology spread to the whole of Southeast Asia via both the overland and maritime routes, long before the arrival of European firearms. The impact of Chinese firearms on northern mainland Southeast Asia in terms of warfare and territorial expansion was profound. © 2003 The National University of Singapore.