Geometric phase for mixed states

Abstract

The geometric phase of mixed states with non-degenerate eigenvalues is investigated. A general formula of geometric phase for mixed state under unitary evolution is given. In particular, we also furnish an expression of Hamiltonians for equivalent evolutions, by which one can understand what kind of evolutional operator U(t) (or Hamiltonian) is related to zero instantaneous dynamic phase. Moreover, the geometric phase and related Hamiltonians in the spin-half case are provided as an explicit example.