T-Box genes and developmental decisions that cells make

Abstract

During gastrulation in vertebrate embryos, three definitive germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) are formed by organized and coordinated cell movements. In zebrafish, further subdivision of the mesoderm gives rise to the axial, adaxial and paraxial mesoderm. The axial mesoderm contributes to the prechordal plate and notochord whereas the adaxial and paraxial cells give rise to slow and fast muscles, respectively (Devoto et al., 1996; Blagden et al., 1997; Currie and Ingham, 1998). An inductive interaction in which the notochord plays an essential role will also provide an input in forming other specialized types of tissue contributing to the axial structures: the floor plate located dorsally to the notochord in the ventral spinal cord and the hypochord located ventrally of the notochord and deriving probably from the endoerm. It is known that despite the difference in developmental roles (Strähle et al., 1993; Krauss et al., 1993), the floor plate and hypochord co-express a number of common molecular markers (Jan et al., 1995; our unpublished results) that may illustrate a certain similarity of their origin. Their close proximity to the notochord determines specialized features of these structures that differ substantially from the rest of the neural tube and endoderm, correspondingly. Once formed under the influence of the notochordal signaling, the floor plate will acquire an ability, similar to the notochord, to express genes of the Hedgehog family and several other groups of genes and to induce specification of ventral cell types in the neural tube during later development (for review, see Korzh, 1998). The biology of the hypochord is much less understood. It seems that the hypochord develops slightly later than the floor plate. It may be required for proper positioning of the dorsal aorta as well as induction of some other endoderm derivatives.