Reducing the Defect Formation Energy by Aliovalent Sn( plus IV) and Isovalent P( plus V) Substitution in Li₃SbS₄ Promotes Li<SUP>+</SUP> Transport

Abstract

The search for highly conducting Li+ solid electrolytes focuses on sulfide- and halide-based materials, where typically the strongly atomic disordered materials are the most promising. The atomic disorder corresponds to a flattened energy landscape having similar relative site energies for different Li+ positions facilitating motion. In addition, the highly disordered Li+ conductors have negligible defect formation energy as moving charges are readily available. This work investigates the isovalent Li3Sb1-xPxS4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) and the aliovalent Li3+xSb1-xSnxS4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) substitution series of thio-LISICON materials by using X-ray diffraction, high-resolution neutron diffraction, impedance spectroscopy, and defect calculations. The starting composition Li3SbS4 has a low ionic conductivity of ∼10-11 S·cm-1 and both substituents improve the ionic conductivity strongly by up to 4 orders of magnitude. On the one hand, in substituted Li3SbS4 structures, only minor structural changes are observed which cannot sufficiently explain the significant impact on the Li+ conductivity. On the other hand, the Li+ carrier density reveals a correlation to the activation energy and first-principles defect calculations, displaying significantly reduced defect formation energy upon substitution. Here, we show within two different substitution series that the defect formation energy plays a major role for ionic motion in this class of thio-LISICON materials.