Of 'wei' and 'de': Revisiting the Yongle emperor's military and cultural offensives in Vietnam, 1406-1427

Abstract

This thesis weaves the discussion of the Ming invasion and occupation of Vietnam (1406-1427) around the broader framework of early Ming foreign policy, starting with the foundation laid by the Hongwu emperor. More specifically, it re-examines the concepts of "wei" (military prowess) and "de" (moral virtue), including how they evolved into twin pillars of early Ming foreign policy. In addition, it contextualises the infamous Ming book-burning campaign, portraying it as an early phase of Ming civilising mission in Vietnam, as well as Yongle's response to attempts by Vietnamese ruler Ha>? Qu?? Ly at claiming political equality with him. Finally, it revisits Ming cultural encounters in Vietnam during their twenty-year occupation of the country.