Chemical characterization of rainwater at Singapore
Hu, G.P. Balasubramanian, R. Wu, C.D.
Hu, G.P.
Wu, C.D.
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Abstract
A short term study of the chemical composition of rainwater was carried out from November 1999 to October 2000 in Singapore. The rainwater was typically acidic with a mean pH of 4.2. Sulfate was the most abundant ion and comparable to the results reported for other industrialized regions. The concentrations of major ions (NH4 +, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, SO4 2+, NO3 2-, Cl-, HCOO-, CH3COO-) varied monthly. Results show that local meteorological conditions influence the chemical compositions to a significant extent. The pollutants in rainwater were derived from long range and local (industry and traffic) sources. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords
Acid rain, Chemical composition, Factor analysis, Meteorological influence, Sulfate
Source Title
Chemosphere
Publisher
Series/Report No.
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Date
2003-06
DOI
10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00028-6
Type
Article