Cardiovascular risk factors and future risk of Alzheimer's disease
de Bruijn, R.F.A.G ; Ikram, M.A
de Bruijn, R.F.A.G
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in elderly people, but there are still no curative options. Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are considered hallmarks of AD, but cerebrovascular pathology is also common. In this review, we summarize findings on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factors in the etiology of AD. Firstly, we discuss the association of clinical CVD (such as stroke and heart disease) and AD. Secondly, we summarize the relation between imaging makers of pre-clinical vascular disease and AD. Lastly, we discuss the association of cardiovascular risk factors and AD. We discuss both established cardiovascular risk factors and emerging putative risk factors, which exert their effect partly via CVD. © 2014 de Bruijn and Ikram.
Keywords
homocysteine, thyroid hormone, Alzheimer disease, arterial stiffness, Article, blood pressure, brain atrophy, brain hemorrhage, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk, cerebrovascular accident, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, cognitive defect, dementia, diffusion tensor imaging, disease association, disease marker, functional magnetic resonance imaging, glucose metabolism, heart atrium fibrillation, heart disease, heart failure, human, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, inflammation, ischemic heart disease, Mediterranean diet, non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical activity, pulse wave, risk assessment, smoking, thyroid function, white matter lesion, aged, Alzheimer disease, amyloid plaque, cardiovascular disease, complication, neurofibrillary tangle, pathology, risk factor, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Neurofibrillary Tangles, Plaque, Amyloid, Risk Factors
Source Title
BMC Medicine
Publisher
Series/Report No.
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Rights
Attribution 4.0 International
Date
2014
DOI
10.1186/s12916-014-0130-5
Type
Article